Opera chain

Fantom is built on a Java base, a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) base design, and a distributed ledger that allows for fast and efficient transaction processing by using a unique consensus algorithm. This data structure is called the "Lachesis Protocol."

The Lachesis Consensus Algorithm

In the Lachesis Protocol, each node in the DAG represents a block, and the edges between the blocks represent the dependencies between them.

The blocks are ordered chronologically, with each block having a unique hash and the hashes of previous blocks in the chain. The Lachesis consensus algorithm is based on the concept of "Event Blocks" and "Event Clusters." Event Blocks are blocks that contain transactions and are linked to previous Event Blocks. Event Clusters are groups of Event Blocks that are linked together and form a sub-chain.

The protocol uses a "Validator Set" consisting of a group of validators that are responsible for creating and validating blocks. The validators are chosen based on their reputation, and their ability to provide fast, reliable transactions.

The Lachesis Protocol also features a new data structure called the "Fast Merkle Tree," which allows for faster block times and increased scalability. This data structure facilitates the efficient verification of large amounts of data and enables the network to handle more transactions per second.

Functional Language

The Fantom blockchain uses both Scala-Lang and Fantom-Lang programming languages.

• Scala, Java base, is used for the implementation of the node software
• Fantom-Lang is used for creating and deploying smart contracts on the network

Scala is a widely used functional programming language. A web app framework called Play is written in Scala, and it has successfully been established on numerous IT platforms such as Amazon and Coursera. The strengths of Scala have already been proven through practical applications in industry. Although Haskell is an excellent functional programming language supported by mathematicians, it does not have nearly as many users as Scala.

Fantom Virtual Machine

FVM uses a register-based model to execute smart contract code, which is more efficient than a stack-based model. It is also a Register-based Virtual Machine, which allows for more efficient execution of smart contracts, and it uses a gas-based model to ensure that smart contracts do not use too many resources. It also has built-in support for the standard Ethereum opcodes, allowing for interoperability with existing Ethereum smart contracts and tools.

The FVM is designed to be a secure, powerful virtual machine byTuring-completeness. One of the key aspects of it is very high security, another aspect is the language that can perform any computation that can be represented as an algorithm, including problems that are considered to be computationally difficult or impossible.

Structure of Opera Chain

The data structure of Fantom is quite unique; it still includes hash, signatures, time stamps, addresses, transactions, smart contracts, story, and index information. Each block, called a "Story” or “Event", contains a list of transactions and a reference to one or more previous events. This creates a web of events that form the history of the Opera Chain.

With its acyclic design, it does not form a loop. Instead, each event is linked to one or more previous events, forming a tree-like structure, resulting in a directed graph where each node has a directed edge to one or more other nodes. This data structure is more flexible than the traditional blockchain structure, which stores the history of transactions in a linear chain of blocks. It facilitates faster and more efficient processing of transactions by allowing multiple events to be processed in parallel.

Performance of Opera Chain

As mentioned above, many complex designs could provide tons of potential to the Opera chain. The developer team claims that the maximum speed capacity is 300,000 TPS.

Multiple Layers of Opera

The Opera chain is composed of two main layers: the Opera Core Layer and the Opera Ware Layer.

The Opera Core Layer is the underlying layer of the Opera Chain and is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the blockchain. This layer is powered by the Lachesis protocol, a novel consensus mechanism that uses a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) to achieve fast and efficient consensus.

The Opera Ware Layer is the application layer of the Opera Chain and is where dApps and smart contracts are executed. This layer is powered by the Fantom Virtual Machine (FVM), a secure, powerful, Turing-complete virtual machine that supports a wide range of programming languages, including Solidity and Rust.

By separating the consensus and application layers, the Opera Chain is able to achieve high performance and scalability while also providing a secure and flexible environment for dApp and smart contract development.

Fantom fWallet

One of the highlights of Fantom, fWallet, was designed to be the e-wallet, with which clients can use distributed services and multi-address management (like a traditional bank account). This provides more convenience and minimizes damage when under attack, and includes address verification, encryption / decryption processing, and transaction currency exchange components.

The wallet management provides services that easily recognize the e-wallet address of service users through QR code scanning, and instantly engages in transactions once a quantity has been entered. Also, using IOS / Android Native and Web methods, it should allow external businesses using the e-wallet service to deploy dApps on various service environments and operating systems.

Security is an area to which the team gives high priority, and is composed of:

• Private key management: the wallet uses a hierarchical deterministic (HD) structure, which allows users to generate an unlimited number of private keys from a single seed phrase. This makes it easy to back up and restore the wallet, and also allows for the use of hardware wallets
• Multi-signature support
• Encryption: the wallet encrypts all private keys and seed phrases using industry-standard AES-256 encryption, which helps to protect against potential hacking attempts
• Regular security updates

Fantom Opera Ware Protocol

The Fantom Opera Ware Protocol is composed of Transaction Protocol, Smart Contract Protocol, Story Protocol, Reputation Protocol and Reward Protocol as seen in the picture below. These architectures allow many dApps to be built on top of the chain with more ease, lower cost, and a higher level of security.

The Opera Ware layer provides open-source APIs, smart contract scripts, a functional programming language, wallets, and Middleware (Payment, Reputation, Reward), which can be used with various dApps. In the Opera Ware layer, fantom ($FTM) is a fundamental component of any transactions. In addition to this core functionality of $FTM, Opera Ware allows the payment of the appropriate reward associated with transactions.

With Middleware availability comes new dApps, more security, reduced time and cost for new developers, and an improved rate of adoption.

Regarding the fWallet, other features include multi-chain support, a built-in Decentralized Exchange (DEX), security and privacy. This wallet uses cutting-edge security features to protect users' assets and private keys, including biometric authentication and hardware wallet support, a user-friendly interface, staking and governance, plugins and dApps which support multiple languages for developers.